Cooperative education application Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cooperative education application - Assignment Example 9) What is your organisation’s turnover? Brand House Advertising Service is located in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The company was established in 1992 with an intention to offer large format printing of designs & advertisings through both online and offline platform. In marketing term, Brand House Advertising Service is an advertising firm which specializes in offering printed billboards, designed advertising contents and sign boards to both retail and business customers (Brand House Advertising Service, 2013a). During the initial phase, Brand House started as print advertising contentment writing organization but on the later years the company has used the latest technologies in order to become a full-fledged printing and creative advertising firm. Employee strength in the organization is 140 employees spread into different branches. In my branch there are 25 employees and 10 of them are in my department. Noticeable fact is that, Brand House Advertising Service doesnâ₠¬â„¢t publish its financial report and also the top officials of the company were very secretive about disclosing its revenue to employees. Hence, it is not possible for me to assume exact turnover for Brand House. Currently, Brand House is positioned as 7 th in terms market capitalization in advertising industry of Riyadh while major competitors for the company are Al manara Advertising, 3 Points Advertising, 4 Sight Advertising etc (Topp10, 2011). Structure of the organization, can be depicted in the following manner. (Source: Brand House Advertising Service, 2013a) It is evident from the organizational chart of Brand House Advertising Service that the company follows centralized control model, where board of directors and president has the control over work of different departments. 4 vice presidents are appointed by the company in order to handle four verticals of business such as client service, creative service, marketing service and management &finance. Human resource departm ent works as separate functional department which undertakes responsibilities such as recruitment, training and performance management. Other 3 departments and associated subdivisions related to account supervisors, creative director and media research work under the supervisions of respective vice presidents. Value proposition of the company can be depicted in the following manner. (Source: Brand House Advertising Service, 2013b) The above diagram is showing the Key objective of Brand House is to deliver a planned design development procedure, which can help companies to achieve competitive advantage by establishing strong brand identity (Brand House Advertising Service, 2013a). 3. Your Position Description Job Title: Executive Secretary Workplace Supervisor: Naif M. Alsuba Brand House Advertising Service uses the tagline â€Å"Reach your potential customers†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and the company tries to maintain this value proposition in all of its service offerings such as Large Format Printing  Brochures, Packaging and Branding, Industrial Displays, Stationeries, Graphic Designs, Exhibition Booths and Corporate Gift Items (Brand House Advertising Service, 2013b). In such context of value proposition, my responsibility or job description in the organization can be summarized in the following manner; Tasks/Responsibilities: I used to provide close administrative support for an executive. Executives include those at the management level of an organization who has the authority

The 21st century has begun. What changes do you think this new century Essay

The 21st century has begun. What changes do you think this new century will bring Use examples and details in your answer - Essay Example While many people consider technological devices to make our lives easier, they can also have a detrimental effect on our well-being. It’s getting to the stage now where almost no one sends anything by post because it takes too long to reach its destination. This next century could see our virtual lives becoming just as significant as our real lives. Another change that the next century will bring is global wars. Although there have been global conflicts in the previous century, modern technology will result in the types of wars that we have never seen before. Long gone are the days where two armies came together and fought it out on the battlefield. Another element that will make world wars interesting over the next 100 years is the use of nuclear weapons. Countries such as Iran and North Korea have, or will have, the technology and desire to attack nations that they consider to be their enemies. Perhaps the most exciting change of this century will be the advances in medicines. Global sicknesses that were once thought of as deadly will be consigned to the history books. This will result in humans being able to live longer, which may be either a good or bad thing depending on who gains access to these advanced types of medicines. What we do know is that the standard of living will improve for most

Behavioural Analysis in this reflective essay

Behavioural Analysis in this reflective essay The reflective essay will analyse my behaviour in accordance with my personality traits and motivational factors. Since, this essay compromises of reflective and behavioural analysis,definition of Behaviour;â€Å"Behaviour is an aspect of an individuals mind, the manner in which one reacts when one is confronted with a circumstance or an event† (Vecchio, Hearn Southey, 1992).Every individual possesses a unique behaviour of itself as it is directly proportional to the occurrences of events in their life. In this essay I will discuss my scores based on assessment question and support them based on my behavioural experiences within the particular environment, some of the results were surprising and I got to know positive as well as negatives aspects of my behaviour analysis. Behavioural Analysis in this reflective essay is based on the questionnaire â€Å"What about me† focusing mainly on personality insights (1.A.1 to 1.A.5) and motivational insight (1.C.1 to 1.C.10) listed in the organizational behaviour self assessment library CD, version 3.3 (Robbins Judge, 2007b). Beginning with the personality side of my behaviour; the initial analysis of (I-A-1). Whats my basic personality? (Robbins Judge, 2007b) .It accessed highly on conscientiousness with a score of 14, 13 extroversion, 13 Agreeableness,13 Emotional Stability and 9 openness to experience. Gordon Allport says that personality is â€Å"the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment† (Robbins, Millett Waters-Marsh, 2004, pp.100). A high score of 14 on conscientiousness is completely appreciated as I am conscientious and achievement oriented, decision of Principal and Staff in school to elect me as Head Boy during School (2002-03) proves a worth here, during my term I achieved objectives and goals allotted in my mission. Academic Awards in Science, Mathematics and Hindi, Inter School Sports Trophy for Soccer and Cricket, and Cultural Fest. I agree on my score of extroversion.I was the Student Coordinator for College Management Fest (MATTRIX 2007-08).I was coordinating with college teams from states all together. Agreeableness, the score of 13 is well suited to me,I am a person who can be trusted and cooperative, this quality was right there from childhood, in our Boarding School (Scindia School) we had Cafe Distribution,I was always considered for the distribution due to trusting and cooperative nature. Emotional stability score was unexpected,I partially agree with it, though I am not a calm person nor enthusiastic to the extent of my score of 13, when I was working with AOL (America Online Ltd.) during my tenure once I had to handle a situation where the customer was very impatient and non cooperative, even after I had resolved his Technical problem he was not agreeing on the fact that the problem was solved, it was already 45 minutes on that call,I really lost control over it, with a rude tone I just hanged up the call. I agree, I am not very open to experience and feel the moderate score of 9 (I-A-1) is justificable.Most of the times I prefer familiar things, but sometimes I do have wide range of interests and a fascination with novelty and innovation which is evident from the fact that I went to a trip to a place called Panchmari (India) which was about exploring the deep forests and attending a military training camp. Coming to (I-A-2) â€Å"Whats my Jungian 16 type personality?†. My personality has been classified as ENTP type i.e. extrovert, intuitive, thinking and perceiving. It surprised me as I dont consider myself as a complete extrovert but person bordering on an introvert.I am a talkative person.I socialise well with people.During my flight to Melbourne I was in constant touch with the people around asking them about different things and restless trying to make contacts.But I avoid talking to people who tend to have an effect on me indirectly or directly as I can feel the negative vibes coming out of them, its my mental conditioning, this is also justified by psychologists who term it as â€Å"operant conditioning which means to develop a behaviour in order to gain a positive reward or prevent a negative event in ones life† (Robbins, Judge, Millet Waters-Marsh, 2008).I think a lot before presenting anything let it be a project or any decision. The only fact of â€Å"Whats my Jungian 16-type personality?† which I agree with is P type personality i.e. Perceiving.I think â€Å"if a person cannot self actualise their own worth its their destiny†. When I was in International Conference at Bangladesh we were given a group activity where this guy called Andrew from UK was very reluctant about a last minute change which a group decided,he just decided to back up and the group didnt have a problem from him backing out as I took the responsibility of covering the topic which he was suppose to,and we actually managed to be one of the top five teams scoring an average in the competition. (I-A-3) People with type-A personality are ones â€Å"who are geared towards making constant effort to gain more and more in limited time even at times of opposing forces which makes them impatient† (Robbins Judge 2007a).I took a hasty decision of giving 300$ to a landlord for booking a room for me as I didnt have accommodation arranged and I had applied for an on campus accommodation,but the university didnt give confirmation on campus accommodation so just one day before the check out I went and paid the amount to book a room,to my surprise I got a room confirmed the same evening, I landed up paying the 300$ which went waste.In group many a times my friends have pointed me out for cutting their conversation and interrupting in between even before they finish their conversations,these behavioural characteristics justifies my assessment score of 117. Ambiguity (I-A-4) is the ability which I developed as an when I stepped in outside world, a score of 21 is positive indication. In my previous company I was asked to sell a Swaraj Mazda bus to an unknown customer, it was a bit difficult situation as I use to handle Administration,but taking it as a challenge I sold 2 vehicles to the customer and was rewarded for it, this can be related to Variable ratio schedule also i.e. â€Å"reward varies relative to the behaviour of the individual†.(Robbins, Judge, Millet Waters-Marsh,2004, pg no.52). Creativity (I-A-5) is â€Å"Individualistic, novel, idea generating process†. (Gregory. B Margaret. A,1990, pp.210).I completely agree with my score of +3,as I am not creative to an extreme level.Sometimes I am creative by adding idea and thought to an ongoing process.During a Soccer match when my coach was suggesting a plan to be followed and he was surprised by an idea which I gave to implement in that plan which was more result oriented. Discussing questions on â€Å"Motivation Insights†. Motivation is the act of triggering an individual to strive towards their established goals in order to achieve it successfully (Robbins Judge, 2007a). (I-C-1) ‘What motivates me?†. I have been judged to have a high growth need of 16, which I completely agree. Alderfers ERG (Existence, Relatedness and Growth) theory classifies existence, relatedness and growth needs as three major groups of needs (Robbins Judge, 2007a). According to his theory different individuals attach different degree of importance to each of the above mentioned need categories and can strive to satisfy any of the need groups without following a set pattern which is in slight contrast to Maslows hierarchy of needs theory which followed a order in which lower level needs were satisfied before higher level needs could be satisfied (Robbins, Judge, Millet Waters-Marsh, 2004).Success achievement, that is what I desire.While working with Earnest and Young(Financial Organisation) I was able to analyse the financial markets and convert money into more realisable asset.I will pursue the same career with added value to my knowledge after MBA.Existence need s, score of 13 is not agreeable as I am considerate of job security within the organisation.I was offered a job in Northern Trust Co. to pursue a training in US for which there was no job guarantee so I rejected the offer. Discussing about dominant needs (I-C-2), my score is fair in terms of Achievement-21, Affliation-15, Autonomy-15 and Power-16. I think â€Å"no one is perfect; all improve from their past exposures†.I always try to perform better than my previous performances specially in studies, the difference can be seen in my Marks Cards from 12th Grade till Date as it shows an upwards trend.With success you automatically gain power its a proven fact which drive others towards me, in class whenever there was group presentation most of my classmates preferred my group.McClellands theory of needs also consider achievement, power and affiliation as three most motivating needs (Robbins, Judge, Millet Waters-Marsh, 2004). (I-C-3) â€Å"What Rewards Do I Value Most†?.I tend to get motivated by factors like Recognition, Job Security,Prestigious Title etc.Score of 5 in recognition and job security is agreeable as I like to be appraised for my work.I was judged as the best Speaker for the Debate competition held in Mayo College.I prefer a permanent job rather than a temporary job, you cant actually focus on your work and strive through efficiency if you are not secured in an organisation..My score of 4 in Good pay, prestigious Title, Interesting work, Chances to advance and friendly co-workers holds a little less importance. Discussing (I-C-4) â€Å"Whats My View On The Nature Of The People?†, I believe my score of 19 is truly justifiable, as I fall in between theory X and theory Y.I have a tendency to work with different individuals,it is a perfect picture of my view on nature of people.My class was divided into groups having rivalries but I was comfortable adjusting with everyone. (I-C-5) â€Å"What are my Course Performance Goals?†.Score of 11 has completely impressed me.I am a Goal Oriented individual.I decided to pursue MBA and will be specialising in finance as this directs me towards my objective.One factor I think is missing with performance goal is time which is explained in the Enriching Goal-Setting Theory with Time: An Integrated approach (Fried Slowik, 2004), according to this theory most of the motivation plan fail to integrate the time factor and hence are not completely valid as past, present and future depend a lot on time. (I-C-6) â€Å"How Confident I am in my abilities to succeed?†, score of 30 is perfect as I am confident.I took the challenge to pursue MBA in Melbourne even after the great media hype about Indians getting attacked. (I-C-7) â€Å"Whats my Attitude towards Achievement?†.Score of 43 Favour Seeing Successful People fall and 51 Favour Successful People Rewarded is sarcastic.It hardly affects me considering others success stories.It was great to see my friends accepting rewards for scoring high marks in 10th Grade and there were people who were expecting the reward but were not given,it didnt have much effect on me. (I-C-8)â€Å"How sensitive am I to Equity Differences†?,(I-C-9) Whats my Jobs Motivating Potential? , and (I-C-10) Do I want an Enriched Job?, the scores for the above questions were (I-C-8) 27, (I-C-9) 170, and (I-C-10) 4.1 . I dont agree with my score of 27(I-C-8) as it states category Entitleds,I am justified with the category Equity sensitive.I was involved in rotract club of my college where we conducted a blood donation camp it was a team effort we appreciated the consequences with equal appreciation, relating to Equity Theory â€Å"it is an exchange perspective, a perspective that views behaviour as a process in which workers exchange appropriate work behaviours for desired consequences† (Gregory B, Margaret A, 1990, pp.165).The MPS and enrichness in job result are nearby average indicating attachment towards challenging work and growth which motivates me to an extent.I was in Administrative department for Swaraj Mazda I had to make a marketing plan which I compl eted in a month.I realised my capabilities in Marketing field,the motivation provided by the Managing Director proved an added advantage. In Job Characteristics Model by J. Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham â€Å"there is set of job characteristics and these characteristics affect behavioural outcomes†. (Stephen P, Robbins, Timothy A,13th Edition,2009,pp 217). In the above essay I have analysed my behaviour in respect with the results provided by taking the questionnaire in the self assessment library (Robbins Judge, 2007b). It was a great discovery I could say about my behavioural and motivational aspects, quite surprising in few questions like Equity Differences, Extroversion, and Emotional Stability where I didnt agree with my results, but at the same time I have been able to identify positive personality motivational traits like conscientiousness, A type personality, growth relatedness needs which I value more in an organisation, I am a highly achievement oriented individual which motivates me a lot specially now doing my MBA at La Trobe University, the confident aspect considering my abilities to succeed in what I do is comparatively high. Overall the assessment results has given me a bird view point about my negative indicators and an opportunity to convert them into positive indicators of behavioural aspect and strengthen the per sonality aspects already acquainted by my personality. REFERENCES Fried, Y. Slowik, L. H., (2004), Enriching Goal-Setting Theory With Time: An Integrated Approach, Academy of Management Review, 29, 3, pp. 404-422, Wayne State University, (Accessed on 19th July, 2009). Robbins, S.P., Millett, B. Waters-Marsh, T., (2004), Organisational Behaviour, 4th Edition, Pearson Education Australia, Australia. Robbins, S.P. Judge T.A. (2007a), Organizational Behaviour, 12th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Robbins, S.P. Judge T.A. (Eds.) (2007b), Prentice Halls Self-Assessment Library Version 3.3, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Robbins, S.P., Judge, T.A., Millett, B. Waters-Marsh, T., (2008) Organisational Behaviour, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Australia, Australia. Vecchio, R. P., Hearn. G. Southey, G., (1992), Organisational Behaviour: Life at Work in Australia, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Australia. Stephen P. Robbins , Timothy A. Judge, (2009) Organisational Behaviour,13th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Gregory B. Northcraft, Margaret A. Neale, (1990), Organisational Behaviour (A Management Challenge), The Dryden Press, a division of Holt,Rinehart and Winston, Inc. APPENDIX S.P. Judge T.A. (Eds.) (2007b), Prentice Halls Self-Assessment Library Version 3.3, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey App. 1 1.A.1 Whats My Basic Personality? App.2 1.A.2 Whats My 16-Type Jungian Personality? App.3 1.A.3 Am I a Type-A? App.4 1.A.4 How Well Do I Handle Ambiguity? App.5 1.A.5 How Creative Am I? App.6 1.C.1 What Motivates Me? App.7 1.C.2 What are my Dominant Needs? App.8 1.C.3 What Rewards Do I value Most? App.9 1.C.4 Whats My View On The Nature Of The People? App.10 -1.C.5 What Are My Course Performance Goals? App.11- 1.C.6 How Confident Am I In My Abilities to Succeed? App.12- 1.C.7 Whats My Attitude Toward Achievement? App.13- 1.C.8 How Sensitive Am I To Equity Differences? App.14- 1.C.9 Whats My Jobs Motivating Potential? App.15- 1.C.10 Do I want an Enriched Job Questionnaire and Results are attached.

Zero and Asylum in the Snow by Lawrence Durrell :: Madness Psychology Durrell Essays

Zero and Asylum in the Snow by Lawrence Durrell What is madness? Is madness a brain disorder or a chemical imbalance? On the other hand, is it an expressed behavior that is far different from what society would believe is "normal"? Lawrence Durrell addresses these questions when he explores society's response to madness in his short story pair "Zero and Asylum in the Snow," which resembles the nearly incoherent ramblings of a madman. In these stories, Durrell portrays how sane, or lucid, people cannot grasp and understand the concept of madness. This inability to understand madness leads society to fear behavior that is different from "normal," and subsequently, this fear dictates how they deal with it. These responses include putting a name to what they fear and locking it up in an effort to control it. Underlying all, however, Durrell repeatedly raises the question: who should define what is mad? In line with these questions, Durrell emphasizes that the inability to understand often leads to fear. Moreover, with little or no knowledge of an event or concept, people tend to feel powerless and out of control. Without this necessary understanding, they are unable to have any influence on the situation. One such situation is madness, which is little understood, and the source of madness virtually unknown. People often fear madness, and try to avoid others who seem "weird," different, or exhibit some sign of madness. The people who fear are "poor cattle, they do not understand" ("Zero" 266), and "they will never discover†¦for they have no faith" ("Zero" 264). Durrell encourages them to put away their fears and stop looking for a logical explanation to "madness": "Come. Enter into the creative activity in which you do not need your understandings. Do not mistake truth for the possessive process any longer – ratiocination, knowledge" ("Zero" 252; emphasis added). Durrell believes that not everything needs a "rational" and "logical" explanation. Furthermore, though "madness" cannot be completely explained, it does not need to be feared. The old man in the asylum attempts to understand, "look[ing] profoundly cautious, asking questions, and gathering the answers" ("Zero" 268), and he comes close to understanding the narrator. However, his fear keeps him from grasping the truth: "For the first time there is an understanding in him, but it is hidden in fear" ("Zero" 258). Throughout the two stories, there are many instances where Durrell portrays this fear brought by a lack of understanding.

Balanced Scorecard approach at the Heathrow Airport Essay

Balanced scorecard is an avenue that is used to gauge performance management. This method was developed by some students from Harvard; it came about as a realization that many businesses relied mostly on financial measures for management purposes. (â€Å"Effective performance with the balanced scorecard, n.d †) Terminal five was a big project which needed great involvement both in terms of manpower but also in regard to resources. The size of the project contributed a lot of hiccups from time to time and great care needed to be taken in order to ensure the project ended well. The team in charge deemed it fit to utilize the balanced score card method to carry out the project to its completion. The project was almost a landmark due to its sheer size and it was recognized in the country as an achievement. The terminal takes care of a large number of users any time throughout any given year. The airport has received accolades as one of the best constructed terminals in the globe. There is a transit system set up that links the terminal to adjacent buildings. The control tower in the building is more than seventy meters long. The project cost more than three billion pounds. The terminal was as a result of efforts by British Airport Authority and British Airways. The project involved more than forty thousand people including both the workers and the team managing it. The contract to build it had been awarded to a group of highly ranked contractors. What did the project target to achieve? High goals were set for the project, style and quality was one of the reasons of developing the esteemed project. The contractors wanted to build a luxurious terminal that combined elegance with safety features. The building had to fulfill the building codes despite its magnitude; this was one of the headaches the contractors found themselves grappling with for the better part of the duration. The other issue was to ensure the project lives up to its expectations; that is fulfilling its mandate of service delivery at the swiftest time possible. (â€Å"Customer Perspective†, n.d.)Several agreements had to be signed among various service providers so as to smooth the processes of work as well as to avoid stalling; time proved to be a scarce commodity for the execution of this project. Service providers were divided in to various integrated teams which were closely monitored for quality assurance purposes. British Airport Authority looked through various projects undertaken by nu merous contractors in order to try and look into limitations the project may have encountered. The score card method helped the team that was in charge of the project to link tasks to ease supervision and create a flawless work schedule. Processes were achieved in an easier manner; also procedures had to match their allocated financial budgets. Results were analyzed at every stage of the project to ascertain the outcomes achieved in relation to the timelines set. (â€Å"Effective performance with the balanced scorecard, n.d †) Under the score card method procedures need to succeed in a number of ways: purpose, measurement and its application. Projects world over have to be carried out in tested methodologies; this helps people the hazards that may arise from utilizing unsure practices in construction and financial management. Vetting had to be carried for individuals in the management team; so as to achieve accountability and good stewardship. The working structure was made in such a way that each team member got himself or herself accountable to the team assigned to. Agreement made for the project as well as the rigid quality structure contributed to the success of the project under the score card method. The four-tier approach for quality check helped to enhance involvement of all who took part. Quality had been a strict condition set up by this procedure; good communication channels help in achieving desired results. (â€Å"Practitioners guide to a balanced scorecard, n.d†) Leadership mattered greatly to deliver success of the project. The leadership team had good coordination with their service providers; their timely supervision and ensuring check and balances were achieved. Suppliers also upped their game by delivering top notch products to ensure the best outcome. (â€Å"Effective performance with the balanced scorecard, n.d †) Behavioral change was another factor that came to the aid of the project; the level of interaction among the people involved was great because everybody worked well as a team. Experts were consulted at regular intervals to ensure procedure was duly followed. Trainings were fostered alongside best practices in quality management and practice. Trainings also acted as further team bonding sessions, they knew a strong united team is best able to deliver success. (â€Å"Practitioners guide to a balanced scorecard, n.d†) Project phases were checked on frequent durations; monthly basis and recorded under the balanced score card process. Color codes were used to make indication concerning status of set targets. Project leaders and the contractors were given an upper hand in decision making but subject to consultations. What were some of the lessons drawn or passed on from the project? Projects need to have indicative measures put in place. Processes have to be made in such a way that validating them becomes easier and processes that are found to be invalid be scrapped. Non-conformance reports should be accompanied by records of cost estimation. The project was a culmination of procedures advocated by the score card method; information from developments gave the stakeholders the psyche to pull through. References Retrieved from http://www.epmreview.com/resources/articles/item/85-customer-perspective.htmlRetrieved from http://www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/Tech_rept_Effective_Performance_Mgt_with_Balanced_Scd_July_2005.pdfRetrieved from http://www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/Thought_leadership_docs/tech_resrep_a_practitioners_guide_to_the_balanced_scorecard_2005.pdf Source document

Engine powered by liquid hydrogen

Wide Range of Flammability:In comparing with all other fuels, Hydrogen has a really broad scope of flammability. Hence, Hydrogen can be combusted in an internal burning engine over a broad scope of fuel-air mixtures. One of the important advantages of this is that Hydrogen fuel can run a really thin mixture. A thin mixture is one in which the sum of fuel is less than the theoretical, stoichiometric or chemically ideal sum needed for burning with a given sum of air. This is why it is reasonably easy to acquire an engine to get down on H. In general, fuel economic system is greater and the burning reaction is more complete when a vehicle is run on a thin mixture. Besides, the concluding burning temperature is lower hence cut downing the sum of pollutants, such as N oxides, emitted in the fumes. However, there is a bound to how thin the engine can be run, as thin operation can significantly cut down the power end product due to a decrease in the volumetric heating value of the air/fuel mixtureLow Ignition Energy:Ignition energy is the energy needed to light a fuel. Hydrogen has really low ignition energy. The sum of energy needed to light H is about one order of magnitude less than that required for gasolene. The feature of low Ignition energy enables hydrogen engines to light thin mixtures and besides ensures prompt ignition. Unfortunately, the low ignition energy besides carries the hazard that hot gases and hot musca volitanss on the cylinder can function as beginnings of ignition and hence making jobs such as premature ignition and flashback. Preventing the above mentioned jobs is one of the jobs associated with runing an engine on H. The broad flammability scope of H agencies that about any mixture can be ignited by a hot topographic point.Small Quenching Distance:Hydrogen has a little extinction distance, even smaller than that of gasolene. Hence, it ‘s more hard to slake a H fire than a gasolene fire. The inclination for blowback additions as a consequence of smaller extinction distance, since the fire from a hydrogen-air mixture more readily passes a about closed consumption valve, than a hydrocarbon-air fire.High Auto-Ignition Temperature:Hydrogen has a comparatively high auto-ignition temperature. This characteristic is of import because the hydrogen-air mixture has to be compressed and the refore plays an of import function in finding the compaction ratio that an engine can utilize, since the temperature rise during compaction is related to the compaction ratio. The temperature should non transcend the auto-ignition temperature, as this would do a premature ignition. Hence, the absolute concluding temperature controls the compaction ratio. The high car ignition temperature of H allows larger compaction ratios to be used in a H engine than in a hydrocarbon engine. On the other manus, H is hard to light in a compaction ignition or Diesel constellation, because the temperatures needed for those types of ignition are comparatively high.High Flame SpeedHydrogen has high fire velocity at stoichiometric ratios. Under these conditions, the H fire velocity is about an order of magnitude higher ( faster ) than that of gasolene. This means that H engines can more closely approach the thermodynamically ideal engine rhythm. At leaner mixtures, nevertheless, the fire speed decreases significantly.High DiffusivityHydrogen has really high diffusivity. This ability to scatter in air is well greater than gasolene and is advantageous for two chief grounds. Fir st, it facilitates the formation of a unvarying mixture of fuel and air. Second, if a H leak develops, the H disperses quickly. Therefore, insecure conditions can either be avoided or minimized.Low DensityHydrogen has really low denseness. This consequences in two jobs when used in an internal burning engine. First, a really big volume is necessary to hive away adequate H to give a vehicle an equal drive scope. Second, the energy denseness of a hydrogen-air mixture, and therefore the power end product, is reduced.Fuel Delivery SystemsHydrogen fuel bringing system can be broken down into three chief types:Cardinal injection ( or â€Å"carburetted† )Port injectionDirect injectionCentral and port fuel bringing systems injection forms the fuel-air mixture during the intake shot. In the instance of cardinal injection or a carburetor, the injection is at the recess of the air intake manifold. In the instance of port injection, it is injected at the recess port. Direct cylinder inje ction is more technologically sophisticated and involves organizing the fuel-air mixture inside the burning cylinder after the air consumption valve has closed.Cardinal Injection or Carburetted Systems:The simplest method of presenting fuel to a H engine is by manner of a carburetor or cardinal injection system. This system has advantages for a H engine. First, cardinal injection does non necessitate the H supply force per unit area to be every bit high as for other methods. Second, cardinal injection or carburetors are used on gasolene engines, doing it easy to change over a standard gasolene engine to hydrogen or a gasoline/hydrogen engine. The disadvantage of cardinal injection is that it is more susceptible to irregular burning due to pre-ignition and back fire. The greater sum of hydrogen/air mixture within the consumption manifold compounds the effects of pre-ignition.Port Injection SystemsThe port injection fuel bringing system injects fuel straight into the consumption manifold at each consumption port, instead than pulling fuel in at a cardinal point. Typically, the H is injected into the manifold after the beginning of the consumption shot. At this point conditions are much less terrible and the chance for premature ignition is reduced. In port injection, the air is injected individually at the beginning of the consumption shot to thin the hot residuary gases and cool any hot musca volitanss. Since less gas ( H or air ) is in the manifold at any one clip, any pre-ignition is less terrible. The recess supply force per unit area for port injection tends to be higher than for carburetted or cardinal injection syste ms, but less than for direct injection systems. The changeless volume injection ( CVI ) system uses a mechanical cam-operated device to clip the injection of the H to each cylinder. The CVI block is shown on the far right of the exposure with four fuel lines go outing on left side of the block ( one fuel line for each cylinder ) . The electronic fuel injection ( EFI ) system meters the H to each cylinder. This system uses single electronic fuel injectors ( solenoid valves ) for each cylinder and pumped to a common fuel rail located down the Centre of the consumption manifold. Whereas the CVI system uses changeless injection timing and variable fuel rail force per unit area, the EFI system uses variable injection timing and changeless fuel rail force per unit area.Direct Injection SystemsMore sophisticated H engines use direct injection into the burning cylinder during the compaction shot. In direct injection, the consumption valve is closed when the fuel is injected, wholly avoiding premature ignition during the intake shot. Consequently the engine can non backlash into the consumption manifold. The power end product of a direct injected H engine is 20 % more than for a gasolene engine and 42 % more than a H engine utilizing a carburetor. While direct injection solves the job of pre-ignition in the consumption manifold, it does non needfully forestall pre ignition within the burning chamber. In add-on, due to the reduced commixture clip of the air and fuel in a direct injection engine, the air/fuel mixture can be non-homogenous. Surveies have suggested this can take to higher NOx emanations than the non-direct injection systems. Direct injection systems require a higher fuel rail force per unit area than the other.Thermal DilutionPre-ignition conditions can be curbed utilizing thermic dilution techniques such as fumes gas recirculation ( EGR ) or H2O injection. As the name implies, an EGR system re-circulates a part of the fumes gases back into the consumption manifold. The debut of exhaust gases helps to cut down the temperature of hot musca volitanss, cut downing the possibility of pre-ignition. Additionally, re-circulating fumes gases cut down the peak burning temperature, which reduces NOx emanations. Typically a 25 to 30 % recirculation of fumes gas is effectual in extinguishing blo wback. On the other manus, the power end product of the engine is reduced when utilizing EGR. The presence of exhaust gases reduces the sum of fuel mixture that can be drawn into the burning chamber. Another technique for thermally thining the fuel mixture is the injection of H2O. Injecting H2O into the H watercourse prior to blending with air has produced better consequences than shooting it into the hydrogen-air mixture within the consumption manifold. A possible job with this type of system is that H2O can acquire assorted with the oil, so care must be taken to guarantee that seals do non leak.Engine DesignThe most effectual agencies of commanding pre-ignition and knock is to re-design the engine for H usage, specifically the burning chamber and the chilling system. A discoid burning chamber ( with a level Piston and chamber ceiling ) can be used to cut down turbulency within the chamber. The disc form helps bring forth low radial and digressive speed constituents and does non magnify recess whirl during compaction. Since unburned hydrocarbons are non a concern in H engines, a big bore-to-stroke ratio can be used with this engine. To suit the wider scope of fire velocities tha t occur over a greater scope of equality ratios, two flicker stoppers are needed. The chilling system must be designed to supply unvarying flow to all locations that need chilling. Extra steps to diminish the chance of pre ignition are the usage of two little exhaust valves as opposed to a individual big one, and the development of an effectual scavenging system, that is, a agency of displacing exhaust gas from the burning chamber with fresh air.Ignition SystemsDue to hydrogen ‘s low ignition energy bound, lighting H is easy and gasoline ignition systems can be used. At really thin air/fuel ratios ( 130:1 to 180:1 ) the fire speed is reduced well and the usage of a double flicker stopper system is preferred. Ignition systems that use a waste flicker system should non be used for H engines. These systems energize the flicker each clip the Piston is at top dead Centre whether or non the Piston is on the compaction stroke or on its exhaust shot. For gasolene engines, waste flicke r systems work good and are less expensive than other systems. For H engines, the waste flickers are a beginning of pre-ignition. Spark stopper for a H engine should hold a cold evaluation and have non-platinum tips. A cold-rated stopper is one that transfers heat from the stopper tip to the cylinder caput quicker than a hot-rated flicker stopper. This means the opportunities of the flicker stopper tip lighting the air/fuel charge is reduced. Hot rated spark stoppers are designed to keep a certain sum of heat so that C sedimentations do non roll up. Since H does non incorporate C, hot-rated flicker stoppers do non function a utile map. Platinum-tip flicker stopper should besides be avoided since Pt is a accelerator, doing H to oxidise with air.Crankcase Ventilation:Crankcase airing is even more of import for H engines than for gasolene engines. As with gasolene engines, un-burnt fuel can ooze by the Piston rings and enter the crankcase. Since H has a lower energy ignition bound than gasolene, any un-burnt H come ining the crankcase has a greater opportunity of lighting. Hydrogen should be prevented from roll uping through airing. Ignition within the crankcase can be merely a startling noise or consequence in engine fire. When H ignites within the crankcase, a sudden force per unit area rise occurs. To alleviate this force per unit area, a force per unit area alleviation valve must be installed on the valve screen. Exhaust gases can besides ooze by the Piston rings into the crankcase. Since H fumes is H2O vapor, H2O can distill in the crankcase when proper airing is non provided. The commixture of H2O into the crankcase oil reduces its lubrication ability, ensuing in a higher grade of engine wear.Emissions:The burning of H with O green goodss H2O as its lone merchandise: 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O The burning of H with air nevertheless can besides bring forth oxides of N ( NOx ) : H2 + O2 + N2 = H2O + N2 + NOx The oxides of N are created due to the high temperatures generated within the burning chamber during burning. This high temperature causes some of the N in the air to unite with the O in the air. The sum of NOx formed depends on:The air/fuel ratioThe engine compaction ratioThe engine velocityThe ignition timingWhether thermic dilution is utilisedIn add-on to oxides of N, hints of C monoxide and C dioxide can be present in the fumes gas, due to ooze oil combustion in the burning chamber. Depending on the status of the engine ( combustion of oil ) and the operating scheme used ( a rich versus thin air/fuel ratio ) , a H engine can bring forth from about zero emanations ( every bit low as a few ppm ) to high NOx and important C monoxide emanations. Power End product: The theoretical maximal power end product from a H engine depends on the air/fuel ratio and fuel injection method used. As mentioned in above, the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio for H is 34:1. At this air/fuel ratio, H will displace 29 % of the burning chamber go forthing merely 71 % for the air. As a consequence, the energy content of this mixture will be less than it would be if the fuel were gasolene ( since gasolene is a liquid, it merely occupies a really little volume of the burning chamber, and therefore allows more air to enter ) . Since both the carburetted and larboard injection methods mix the fuel and air prior to it come ining the burning chamber, these systems limit the maximal theoretical power gettable to about 85 % of that of gasolene engines. For direct injection systems, which mix the fuel with the air after the consumption valve has closed ( and therefore the burning chamber has 100 % air ) , the maximal end product of the engine can be about 15 % higher than that for gasolene engines. Therefore, depending on how the fuel is metered, the maximal end product for a H engine can be either 15 % higher or 15 % less than that of gasolene if a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is used. However, at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, the burning temperature is really high and as a consequence it will organize a big sum of N oxides ( NOx ) , which is a criteria pollutant. Since one of the grounds for utilizing H is low exhaust emanations, H engines are non usually designed to run at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. Typically hydrogen engines are designed to utilize approximately twice every bit much air as theoretically required for complete burning. At this air/fuel ratio, the formation of NOx is reduced to near nothing. Unfortunately, this besides reduces the power end product to about half that of a likewise sized gasolene engine. To do up for the power loss, H engines are normally larger than gasolene engines, and/or are equipped with turbochargers or superchargers.Hydrogen Gas Mixtures:Hydrogen can be used well in internal burning engines as an linear to a hydrocarbon fuel. Hydrogen is most normally assorted with high force per unit area natural gas for this intent since both gases can be stored in the same armored combat vehicle. If H is blended with other fuels, it normally has to be stored individually and assorted in the gaseous province instantly before ignition. In general, it is impractical to utilize H in concurrence with other fuels that besides require bulky storage systems, such as propane. Gaseous H can non be stored in the same vas as a liquid fuel. Hydrogen ‘s low denseness will do it to stay on top of the liquid and non blend. Furthermore, liquid fuels are stored at comparatively low force per unit areas so that really small H could be added to the vas. Liquid H can non be stored in the same vas as other fuels. Hydrogen ‘s low boiling point will stop dead other fuels ensuing in fuel â€Å"ice† . Hydrogen can be used in concurrence with compact liquid fuels such as gasolene, intoxicant or Diesel provided each are stored individually. In these applications, the fuel armored combat vehicles can be formed to suit into fresh infinites on the vehicle. Existing vehicles of this type tend to run utilizing one fuel or the other but non both at the same clip. One advantage of this scheme is that the vehicle can go on to run if H is unavailable. Hydrogen can non be used straight in a Diesel ( or â€Å"compression ignition† ) engine since H ‘s car ignition temperature is excessively high ( this is besides true of natural gas ) . Therefore, diesel engines must be outfitted with spark stoppers or utilize a little sum of Diesel fuel to light the gas ( known as pilot ignition ) . Although pilot ignition techniques have been developed for usage with natural gas, no 1 is presently making this with H. One commercially available gas mixture known as Hythane contains 20 % H and 80 % natural gas. At this ratio, no alterations are required to a natural gas engine, and surveies have shown that emanations are reduced by more than 20 % . Mixtures of more than 20 % H with natural gas can cut down emanations further but some engine alterations are required. Thin operation of any internal burning engine is advantageous in footings of oxides of nitrogen emanations and fuel economic system. For hydrocarbon engines, thin operation besides leads to take down emanations of C monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. As more O is available than required to burn the fuel, the extra O oxidizes more C monoxide into C dioxide, a less harmful emanation. The extra O besides helps to finish the burning, diminishing the sum of unburned hydrocarbons. As with H, the drawback of thin operation with hydrocarbon fuels is a decreased power end product. Thin operation of hydrocarbon engines has extra drawbacks. Thin mixtures are difficult to light, despite the mixture being above the LFL of the fuel. This consequence in dud, which increases unburned hydrocarbon emanations, reduces public presentation and wastes fuel. Another disadvantage is the decreased transition efficiency of 3-way catalytic convertors, ensuing in more harmful emanations. To some extent, blending H with other hydrocarbon fuels reduces all of these drawbacks. Hydrogen ‘s low ignition energy bound and high firing velocity makes the hydrogen/hydrocarbon mixture easier to light, cut downing dud and thereby bettering emanations, public presentation and fuel economic system. Sing power end product, H augments the mixture ‘s energy denseness at thin mixtures by increasing the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, and thereby improves torsion at wide-open throttle conditions.Current Status:A few car makers have been making some work in the development of hydrogen-powered vehicles ( Ford has late announced that they have developed a â€Å"production ready† hydrogen-powered vehicle utilizing an ICE and BMW has completed a universe circuit exposing a twelve or so hydrogen-powered 750i vehicles ) . However, it is non likely that any hydrogen-powered vehicles will be available to the populace until there is an equal re-fuelling substructure and trained tech nicians to mend and keep these vehicles. Like current gasoline-powered vehicles, the design of each H powered vehicle will most likely vary from maker to maker and theoretical account to pattern. One theoretical account may be simple in design and operation, for illustration, a thin combustion fuel metering scheme utilizing no emanation control systems such as EGR, catalytic convertor, evaporate fuel case shot, etc. Another theoretical account may be really sophisticated in design and operation, for illustration, utilizing an EGR fuel metering scheme with a catalytic convertor, multiple flicker stoppers, etc. Until such clip that a H substructure exists, hydrogen/natural gas fuel blends provide a logical passage to to the full hydrogen-powered vehicles. These vehicles can run on either fuel, depending on handiness